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"Jinnah" redirects here. For other uses, see Jinnah (disambiguation).
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
محمد علی جناح
મુહમ્મદ અલી જિન્નાહ

1st Governor-General of Pakistan
In office
14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948
Monarch George VI
Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan
Preceded by The Earl Mountbatten of Burma (as Viceroy of India)
Succeeded by Khawaja Nazimuddin
Speaker of the National Assembly
In office
11 August 1947 – 11 September 1948
Deputy Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan
President of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
Deputy Liaquat Ali Khan
Preceded by Office created
Succeeded by Liaquat Ali Khan
Personal details
Born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai
25 December 1876
Karachi, Bombay Presidency, British India
Died 11 September 1948 (aged 71)
Karachi, Pakistan
Political party
Indian National Congress (1906–20)
All-India Muslim League (1913–47)
Muslim League (1947–48)
Spouse(s)
Emibai Jinnah (1892–93)
Maryam Jinnah (1918–29)
Children Dina (by Maryam Jinnah)

Alma mater Inns of Court School of Law
Profession Lawyer
Politician
Religion Islam
Signature
Muhammad Ali Jinnah[a] (/ɑːˈliː/;  Arabic pronunciation (help·info), born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan.[1] Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from independence until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam[b] (Great Leader) and Baba-i-Qaum[c] (Father of the Nation). His birthday is observed as a national holiday.[2][3]

Born in Karachi and trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London, Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, a party in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of satyagraha, or non-violent resistance, advocated by the influential leader, Mohandas Gandhi.

By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that Indian Muslims should have their own state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula for a united India, leading all parties to agree to separate independence for a predominately Hindu India, and for a Muslim-majority state, to be called Pakistan.


As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from the new nation of India to Pakistan after the partition, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the British Raj. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, though he is less well thought of in India. According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, he remains Pakistan's greatest leader.